Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of five metabolic risk factors including abdominal\nobesity, elevated blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and\nimpaired fasting glucose. Few studies have fully reported the strength of clustering of these risk factors in a\nparent-offspring relationship. This analysis describes the associations between parents and their adult offspring\nin regard to MetS. It also estimates the association between each risk factor in parents and the presence of\nMetS in their offspring.\nMethods: We analyzed data for 1193 offspring (565 sons, and 628 daughters) from the Framingham Offspring\nStudy who attended examinations 5, 6, and 7. Information about their parents was collected from examinations\n13, 14 and 15 of the Framingham Original Cohort study. We used pedigree file to combine parental and\noffspring�s data. Participants were classified as having the MetS according to the Adult Treatment Panel III\ncriteria. Analyses were conducted separately for mothers and fathers. Logistic regression was used to estimate\nthe associations.\nResults: After adjusting for age, education, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity level of\noffspring, no significant association was found between father�s and their offspring�s MetS. Mother�s MetS was\nsignificantly and positively associated with their daughter�s MetS (adjusted odds ratio or adj OR: 1.63; 95%\nconfidence Interval, CI:1.02-2.61), but not with their sons� MetS. When analyzed by individual components,\nmaternal impaired glucose (adj OR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.02- 9.31), abdominal obesity (adj OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.98- 2.55) and\nlow HDL-C (adj OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.36-3.32) were associated daughter�s MetS. Maternal low HDL-C and raised total\ncholesterol showed marginal association with son�s MetS. For fathers, only impaired glucose (adj OR: 4.91; 95%\nCI: 2.07- 11.68) was associated with their daughter�s MetS.\nConclusions: Using the data from Framingham Heart Study, we demonstrate differential association of MetS and its\ncomponents between parents and offspring. Mother�s MetS was strongly related with daughter�s MetS, but the\nassociation was inconsistent with son�s MetS. No association was found between father�s MetS and offspring�s Mets.\nThese results provide evidence that daughters with mother�s MetS are in higher risk than daughters or sons with\nfather�s MetS.
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